Browse All Physics Formulas by Category
Physics is the foundation of our understanding of the universe — from the motion of everyday objects to the behaviour of subatomic particles. Whether you're a student, teacher, or engineer, having quick access to essential physics formulas is crucial. Explore our organised categories below to find exactly what you need — each topic links directly to its full formula page with definitions, derivations, worked examples, and real-world applications.
At Danielitte, each formula comes with a thorough explanation of how it was derived, making it far more effective than rote memorisation. With over 176 formula pages covering Mechanics, Electricity, Thermal Physics, Periodic Motion, Optics, Atomic Physics, and more — this is your complete free reference.
Mechanics
Master the fundamental principles of motion, force, and energy.
- Straight Line Motion
- Constant Acceleration Straight Line Motion
- Distant Function
- Uniform Circular Motion
- Centripetal Force
- Constant Acceleration Circular Motion
- Acceleration
- Free Falling From Height H
- Vertical Projectile Motion
- Angled Projectile Motion
- Horizontal Projectile Motion
- Sliding Motion On An Inclined Plane
- Attractive Force
- Gravitational Force
- Gravitational Acceleration
- Force Of Gravity
- Newton's First Law
- Newton's Second Law
- Newton's Third Law
- Linear Elasticity - Hook's Law
- Force of Friction
- Moment Of A Force
- Moment Application
- Moment Of Inertia
- Angular Momentum
- Momentum Of A Force
- Law Of Conservation Of Momentum
- Plastic Collision
- One-Dimensional Elastic Collision
- Work
- Examples
- Power
- Kinetic Energy
- Kinetic Energy Of A Massive Rotating Body
- Work Energy Principle
- Potential Energy
- Conservation Of Mechanical Energy
- Density
- Pressure
- Pressure Of Liquids
- Pascal's Principle
- Application
- Archimedes' Principle
- Flow Rate
Electricity
Master the forces and fields that power our modern world.
- Coulomb's Law
- Electric Fields
- The Principle Of Superposition For Electric Fields
- Work Of Electric Force
- Electric Potential Difference
- Relation Between E And U
- Capacitance
- Capacitor
- Capacitances In Series
- Capacitances In Parallel
- Electric Field Energy
- Energy Of Capacitor
- Electric Current
- Ohm's Law
- Work Created By A Current(joule's Law)
- Electrical Power
- Resistance
- Series Circuits
- Parallel Circuits
- Work Or Heat Energy Produced By A Resistor
- Power Consumption Of A Resisitor
- Electromotive Force Of An Electrical Generator
- Generators In Series
- Generators In Parallel
- Generators in Series-Parallel
- Work And Power Of Generator
- Magnetic Flux Through The Open Surface S
- Magnetic Forces On Moving Charges
- Force On A Current-Carrying Wire
- Force Between 2 Parallel Current_carrying Wires
- Magnetic Field Of A Long Current Charge Wire
- Magnetic Field Of A Loop
- Induced Electromotive Force-Faraday's Law
- Inductance
- Electric Energy
- Magnetic Energy
- Electric-Magnetic Energy
- Basic Parameters
- Effective Current And Voltage
- Ohm's Law Of AC Current containing Only Resistance R
- Containing Only Inductor L
- Containing Only Capacitor C
- Containing R,L And C In A Series
- Phase Angle
- Power Factor
- Real Power
- Electrical Resonance
- Changing voltage With Transformers
Thermal Physics
Master the physics of heat, energy, temperature, and states of matter.
- Kelvin Temperature
- Equation Of State
- Ideal Gas Law
- Boyle's Law For Pressure
- Gay-Lussac's Law Of Pressure-Temperature
- Charles's Law Of volumes
- Heat
- Fusion(Freezing or Solidification
- Vaporization
- Linear Expansion
- Volume Expansion
- Area Expansion
- Change Of Density(Volumetric Mass Density)
- Change Of Diameter Of The Cross Section Of A Solid
- The First Law Of Thermodynamics
- Application Of First Law To Ideal Gas Laws
- The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
Periodic Motion
Uncover the rhythmic physics of oscillations, waves, and repeating patterns.
- Spring
- Springs In Series
- Springs In Parallel
- Simple Pendulum
- Motion equations
- Energy
- Change Of Period Following The Change Of Temperature
- Change Of Period Following The Change Of The Height
- Pendulum
- Wavelength
- fuction Of Wave At Some Points
- Wave Interference
- Sound Speed
- Sound Intensity
- Sound Intensity Level
- The Doppler Effect
- Sound Speed in Gases
Optics
Master the physics of light from mirrors and lenses to photons.
- Optics - Laws of Reflection
- Refractive Index
- Optics - Law of Refraction (Snell's Law)
- Total Reflection Phenomenon
- Optics - Prism
- Thin Lens
- Optics - Magnification Factor
- Optics - Power of the Lens
- Quantum Physics - Photon Energy
- Photoelectric Effect Conditions
- Quantum Physics - Einstein's Photoelectric Equation
Atomic Physics
Explore the fundamental forces governing the universe, from atoms to relativity.
Constants
The fundamental numerical pillars that define our physical universe.
- Fundamental Constants Reference
- Atomic Mass Constant Reference
- Atomic Unit of Energy Reference
- Atomic Unit of Force Reference
- Atomic Unit of Length Reference
- Atomic Unit of Mass Reference
- Avogadro's Constant Reference
- Bohr Radius Reference
- Boltzmann ConstantBoltzmann Constant Reference
- Classical Electron Radius Reference
- Elementary Charge Reference
- Earth Mass Reference
- Earth Mass Reference
- Earth Mean Orbital Velocity Reference
- Earth Rotational Angular Velocity Reference
- Faraday's Constant Reference
- Gas Constant Reference
- Molar Mass Constant Reference
- Molar Volume of Ideal Gas Reference
- Neutron Mass Reference
- Newtonian Constant of Gravitation Reference
- Planck's Constant Reference
- Planck Mass Reference
- Proton Mass Reference
- Proton-Electron Mass Ratio Reference
- Speed of Light in Vacuum Reference
- Standard Acceleration of Gravity Reference
- Standard Atmosphere Reference
- Standard Reference Sound Intensity Reference
- Stefan-Boltzmann Constant Reference
- Greek Alphabet Reference Guide
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📖 Bookmark This PageFrequently Asked Questions about Physics Formulas
Atomic physics studies the atom as a whole, focusing on the arrangement and behavior of its electrons in energy shells. Nuclear physics zooms in on the nucleus itself, studying protons, neutrons, and the powerful forces that bind them.
Einstein's E=mc^2 shows that mass is a highly concentrated form of energy. In nuclear reactions, a small amount of mass can be converted into a vast amount of energy, and vice versa.
Physical constants are crucial because they represent fundamental, unchanging properties of the universe. They ensure that scientific equations are consistent and can be used to make accurate predictions about physical phenomena.
A constant has a fixed, unchanging value, like the elementary charge. A variable is a quantity that can change or take on different values within a problem, such as velocity or position.
Electric force is the push or pull between two specific charges, as described by Coulomb's Law. An electric field is a property of space created by a source charge, representing the force that *would* be exerted per unit of a positive test charge placed at any point.
A capacitor stores energy in the electric field created between its two conductive plates when they hold opposite charges. Work is done to separate these charges, and this work is stored as electric potential energy in the field.
Distance is a scalar quantity that measures the total path covered. Displacement is a vector quantity that represents the shortest straight-line path from the starting point to the ending point, including direction.
Air resistance is a complex force that depends on an object's speed, shape, and size. Ignoring it allows us to focus on the fundamental principles of gravity and motion, providing a good approximation for many scenarios.
Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, like a mirror, with the angle of incidence equaling the angle of reflection. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, like light entering water, which is described by Snell's Law.
The refractive index of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how fast light travels through it. A higher refractive index means light travels slower and bends more when entering the material from air.
Periodic motion is any motion that repeats itself in a regular time interval. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a specific type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.
The standard formula for the period of a simple pendulum is derived using the approximation that sin(θ) ≈ θ for small angles. This simplifies the complex differential equation of motion into one that describes SHM, making it much easier to solve.
Gas laws like Charles's Law show that volume is directly proportional to temperature. This relationship only holds true on an absolute scale like Kelvin, where 0 K represents absolute zero and there are no negative values.
An ideal gas is a theoretical model where gas particles have no volume and do not interact with each other. Real gases deviate from this model, especially at high pressures and low temperatures, but the Ideal Gas Law is a very good approximation under many conditions.