Biology. Competent Level. Age 14-15. .10th Grade / Sophomore year / SS2

Grade 10 Biology in CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) based on the typical syllabus and topics covered:

1. Life Processes:

   • Definition of life processes.
   • Basic functions of life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
   • Different modes of nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
   • Human digestive system: organs involved, their functions, and digestive processes.
   • Human respiratory system: structure and functioning of lungs, breathing mechanism, and exchange of gases.
   • Circulatory system: structure and functions of heart, blood vessels, and blood composition.
   • Excretory system: structure and functions of kidneys, urine formation, and excretion.

2. Control and Coordination:

   • Nervous system: structure and functions of neurons, reflex action, and nervous coordination.
   • Endocrine system: major endocrine glands, hormones, and their functions in the human body.
   • Difference between nervous and hormonal control.

3. How do Organisms Reproduce?:

   • Reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction.
   • Human reproductive system: male and female reproductive organs, gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic development.
   • Reproductive health: menstrual cycle, contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility.

4. Heredity and Evolution:

   • Heredity: Mendel's laws of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, and inheritance of traits.
   • Evolution: Origin of life, theories of evolution, evidence for evolution, and mechanisms of evolution.

5. Our Environment:

   • Ecosystem: components of an ecosystem, food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.
   • Biodiversity and its conservation: importance of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and conservation strategies.
   • Environmental issues: pollution (air, water, soil), depletion of natural resources, and sustainable development.

6. Management of Natural Resources:

   • Conservation of natural resources: conservation of forests and wildlife, sustainable management of natural resources, and water management.

This overview covers the major topics typically included in Grade 10 Biology . However, it's important to refer to the official curriculum or textbooks for the most accurate and detailed information as syllabi may vary slightly over time and between different schools.