Physics. Competent Level. Age 14-15. .10th Grade / Sophomore year / SS2

Grade 10 Physics typically covers fundamental concepts in physics, laying the foundation for more advanced study in subsequent grades. Here's an overview of the topics usually covered:

1. Electricity:

   • Basics of electric current, potential difference, and resistance.
   • Ohm's Law and its applications.
   • Electric circuits, series, and parallel circuits.
   • Heating effects of electric current.
   • Electric power and its calculation.

2. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current:

   • Magnetic field and magnetic field lines.
   • Magnetic field due to a current-carrying conductor.
   • Right-hand thumb rule.
   • Electromagnetic induction.
   • Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
   • Electric generator and its working principle.
   • Domestic electric circuits.

3. Reflection of Light:

   • Laws of reflection.
   • Plane mirror and its properties.
   • Images formed by mirrors.
   • Spherical mirrors - Concave and Convex mirrors.
   • Mirror formula and magnification.

4. Refraction of Light:

   • Laws of refraction.
   • Refraction through a rectangular glass slab.
   • Refraction through lenses.
   • Image formation by lenses - Convex and Concave lenses.
   • Lens formula and magnification.

5. Human Eye and the Colorful World:

   • Structure of the human eye.
   • Defects of vision and their corrections - Myopia, Hypermetropia, and Presbyopia.
   • Refraction of light through a prism.
   • Dispersion of light.
   • Formation of a rainbow.

6. Sources of Energy:

   • Different forms of energy.
   • Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
   • Fossil fuels and their conservation.
   • Renewable sources of energy - Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc.
   • Environmental consequences of using conventional sources of energy.

7. Management of Natural Resources:

   • Sustainable management of natural resources.
   • Conservation of resources.
   • Management of resources for sustainable development.
   • Strategies for resource management.

8. Our Environment:

   • Ecosystem - Components and types.
   • Food chains and webs.
   • Ozone layer depletion and its effects.
   • Greenhouse effect and global warming.
   • Measures to control environmental pollution.

These topics are usually taught with a combination of theoretical explanations, demonstrations, and practical experiments to help students understand the principles and applications of physics in everyday life. Additionally, students may also be assessed through theory exams, practical exams, and project work.