Chemistry. Competent Level. Age 14-15. .10th Grade / Sophomore year / SS2

Grade 10 chemistry, students typically cover fundamental concepts in chemistry with a focus on building a strong foundation for further studies in the subject. Here's an overview of the topics commonly included:

1. Chemical Reactions and Equations:

   • Writing and balancing chemical equations.
   • Types of chemical reactions: Combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox reactions.
   • Understanding the concepts of reactants and products.

2. Acids, Bases, and Salts:

   • Properties of acids and bases.
   • pH scale and its significance.
   • Types of acids and bases.
   • Neutralization reactions.
   • Common salts and their preparation methods.

3. Metals and Non-Metals:

   • Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals.
   • Reactivity series of metals.
   • Extraction of metals.
   • Corrosion and its prevention.
   • Uses of metals and non-metals.

4. Carbon and its Compounds:

   • Bonding in carbon compounds: Covalent bonding.
   • Functional groups and their properties.
   • Different types of carbon compounds: Hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc.
   • Nomenclature of organic compounds.
   • Chemical properties of carbon compounds.

5. Periodic Classification of Elements:

   • Mendeleev's periodic table.
   • Modern periodic table based on atomic numbers.
   • Periodicity in properties: Atomic size, metallic and non-metallic character, valency, etc.
   • Classification of elements into metals, non-metals, and metalloids.

6. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure:

   • Types of chemical bonds: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
   • Lewis structures and VSEPR theory.
   • Shapes of molecules.
   • Polarity of molecules.

7. Structure of Atoms:

   • Atomic structure: Subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, and electrons.
   • Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr atomic models.
   • Quantum mechanical model of an atom.
   • Electronic configuration of elements.

8. Some Important Chemical Compounds:

   • Ammonia, methane, hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, etc.
   • Their properties, uses, and preparation methods.

9. Environmental Chemistry:

   • Pollution: Air, water, and soil pollution.
   • Greenhouse effect and global warming.
   • Ozone layer depletion.
   • Measures to control environmental pollution.

The curriculum is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of basic chemical principles and their applications in everyday life and in more advanced studies of chemistry. It often includes theoretical concepts as well as practical experiments to reinforce learning and develop critical thinking skills.