Chemistry. Beginner. Age 12-13. .8th Grade / JSS2 / Middle School Senior.

Grade 8 Chemistry, students typically cover foundational concepts in chemistry that lay the groundwork for more advanced studies in high school. Here's an overview of the topics usually included:

1. Introduction to Chemistry:

   • Understanding what chemistry is and its importance.
   • Basic terms such as matter, substance, atom, molecule, etc.

2. Structure of Atom:

   • Introduction to the atomic structure.
   • Components of an atom: protons, neutrons, electrons.
   • Atomic number and mass number.
   • Bohr's model of the atom.

3. Chemical Reactions:

   • Introduction to chemical reactions.
   • Types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, and double displacement reactions.
   • Balancing chemical equations.

4. Acids, Bases, and Salts:

   • Properties of acids, bases, and salts.
   • pH scale and its significance.
   • Common examples of acids and bases found in daily life.

5. Materials: Metals and Non-metals:

   • Introduction to metals and non-metals.
   • Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals.
   • Reactivity series of metals.

6. Coal and Petroleum:

   • Introduction to fossil fuels.
   • Formation and properties of coal and petroleum.
   • Environmental concerns related to the use of fossil fuels.

7. Combustion and Flame:

   • Basics of combustion.
   • Types of combustion: rapid and spontaneous.
   • Conditions necessary for combustion.
   • Structure of a flame.

8. Some Natural Phenomena:

   • Introduction to natural phenomena such as lightning, earthquakes, and cyclones.
   • Basic understanding of lightning and earthquakes.

9. Synthetic Fibers and Plastics:

   • Introduction to synthetic fibers and plastics.
   • Properties and uses of synthetic fibers and plastics.
   • Environmental impact of synthetic fibers and plastics.

10. Chemical Effects of Electric Current:

    • Introduction to the chemical effects of electric current.
    • Electroplating process.
    • Applications of electroplating in daily life.

11. Water:

    • Properties of water.
    • Sources and purification of water.
    • Importance of water conservation.

12. Some Common Diseases:

    • Introduction to common diseases and their causes.
    • Basic understanding of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis.

These topics provide a foundational understanding of chemistry, preparing students for more advanced study in the subject as they progress through their education. The emphasis is typically on understanding basic principles, conducting simple experiments, and recognizing the relevance of chemistry in everyday life.